About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25. Every penny counts! One company, badly led, broke ranks at the beginning of Mexa's action, and half its number, together with wounded men from other companies, were captured by Santa Anna's forces the next day. Among those killed were commanders Colonel James Fannin (of the Coleto battle) and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward (of the Refugio battle). [4] By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.[5]. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. [3] Six Texians were taken prisoners and were marched to prison in Matamoros. Led to believe that they would be released into the United States, they returned to their former fort in Goliad, now their prison. Civil Society Lone Star Life Texas History Today in Texas History: Massacre at Goliad On March 27, 1836, over 350 Texian soldiers were murdered by Mexican firing squads near Goliad after having surrendered days earlier. SAN ANTONIO John Willingham long has been fascinated with the horrific "Goliad Massacre," which came three weeks after the 1836 Battle of the Alamo and further riled the Texans in their . The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. This show of generosity after a hotly contested engagement is worthy of the highest commendation, Urrea wrote to Santa Anna, and I can do no less than to commend it to your Excellency.. [14] Fannin met to discuss terms with Colonel Juan Jos Holzinger ("Holsinger"). [14] The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion were captured on March 20 and marched to Goliad on March 23. Later in 1883 while living in El Paso County, he applied for and received an additional donation as a surviving veteran of the Texas Revolution. The impact of the Goliad Massacre was crucial. Johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin's command at Goliad. Things to Do [9] On March 14, Colonel William Ward and 200 men, who had been sent to help Captain Amon B. In April 1885 a memorial was finally erected, in the city of Goliad rather than on the site, by the Fannin Monument Association, formed by William L. Hunter, a massacre survivor. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla, under orders from General and President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. After the executions the bodies were burned, the remains left exposed to weather, vultures, and coyotes, until June 3, 1836, when Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, who had established his headquarters at Victoria after San Jacinto and was passing through Goliad in pursuit of Gen. Vicente Filisola's retreating army, gathered the remains and buried them with military honors. O massacre foi relutantemente realizado pelo general Jos de Urrea sob as ordens do presidente do Mxico, Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna . But when he wrote this seemingly humane order, Urrea well knew that Portilla would not be able to comply with it, for on March 25, after receiving Santa Anna's letter, Urrea had ordered reinforcements that would have resulted in too large a diminution of the garrison for the prisoners to be employed on public works. [11] On March 13, King was surrounded by elements of the Mexican army and sent out a plea for help to Fannin, who sent Lieutenant-Colonel William Ward and the Georgia Battalion to reinforce him. Goliad Tourism Goliad Hotels Goliad Bed and Breakfast Goliad Vacation Packages Flights to Goliad Goliad Restaurants Things to Do in Goliad Goliad Travel Forum Goliad Photos Goliad Map Goliad Travel Guide All Goliad Hotels; Goliad Hotel Deals; The guard on the right of the column of prisoners then countermarched and formed with the guard on the left. The injured Fannin was the last to be slaughtered. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . On March 19 he began his retreat, but he and his men were surrounded and forced to surrender at the battle of Coleto. The inscription on the watch reads that Jack retrieved Fannin's watch among the items taken from the Mexicans and returned it to Fannin's family. Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. Burr H. Duval's company, was marched toward the upper ford of the San Antonio River on the Bexar road. When the Mexican general reported to Santa Anna that he was holding the San Patricio prisoners, Santa Anna ordered Urrea to comply with the decree of December 30. Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, For information about how to add references, see, Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online (, Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, "GOLIAD MASSACRE," Handbook of Texas Online (, Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online (, Castaneda, H.W. Also spared were the 75 soldiers of the Miller and Nashville Battalion, who were given white arm bands. Once the columns reached their selected location, the Mexican soldados formed into two ranks on one side of the captives. Goliad Massacre, Determined to punish the rebellious Texans, whom he viewed as pirates who deserved to be executed, Santa Anna mounted a campaign to demonstrate his power by exacting the same kind of retribution upon them that he had visited upon Zacatecas.In command of an army that would eventually grow to perhaps more than 7,000 troops, he began a march . Austin had declared that "War is our only recourse. The outcome was The Goliad massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was the killing of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, during the Texas Revolution by the Mexican Army under orders from General and President of Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Some of the prisoners taken at Refugio but not executed with King's men are known to have been at Goliad, where they were again spared because they were serving the Mexican army as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or other artisans. They were later marched to Matamoros. The Mexican soldiers at La Bahia returned to the funeral pyres and gathered up any visible remains of the Texians and re-burned any evidence of the bodies. [1] The Mexican army quickly put down revolts in the Mexican interior, including a brutal suppression of militias in Oaxaca and Zacatecas. At around 8 a.m. on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the able bodied of 342 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road. When the Texans finally resumed their march in the afternoon, they quickly encountered the Mexican forces. "There is a rank due to the United States, among nations, which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. Harbert Davenport, James W. Fannin's Part in the Texas Revolution (MS, Harbert Davenport Papers, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). He recalled that on the morning of March 27, 1836, a Mexican officer told the men to get ready for a march. Ruby C. Smith, "James W. Fannin, Jr., in the Texas Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 23 (October 1919, January, April 1920). About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 of the prisoners were marched into Goliad on March 25. [6], The entire Texian force was killed except for twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped. M1 Garand; Vince Speranza; Vijayant Thapar; List of active duty United States four-star officers; Comparison of the T-90A and M1A2 Abrams; Charles Keating IV [30] CNN . The Texians thought they would likely be set free in a few weeks. [18] Three known survivors escaped to Houston's army and participated in the Battle of San Jacinto. John J. Linn, Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas (New York: Sadlier, 1883; 2d ed., Austin: Steck, 1935; rpt., Austin: State House, 1986). Anglo population of Goliad, Tex, sticks with long-used term 'massacre' to describe killing of more than 300 Texan rebels who surrendered after battle with Mexican troops there in 1836, but Mexican . General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten. Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion. The Mexican army then turned northward, headed towards Goliad. Texan Leader James w. Fannin. [2], On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol surprised Frank W. Johnson and about 34 men, initiating the Battle of San Patricio, where they killed about 10 and took 18 prisoners. Captain King and all but one man were executed in short order. In Goliad, Colonel James Fannin commanded the Texan force of nearly 500 trained soldiers and militia. Enterprise. The set of casualties included commander James Fannin. Urrea, according to his contemporary Reuben M. Potter, "was not blood thirsty and when not overruled by orders of a superior, or stirred by irritation, was disposed to treat prisoners with lenity." He described the slaughter: "Kneel down!" [10] Jay A. Stout, Massacre at Goliad, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008, p. 212. [3] The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. All Rights Reserved. Not until the morning of March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad. accessed January 19, 2023, Texan sources specify the number of prisoners as 407, exclusive of Miller's men. [1] . The exact fate of others captured at Refugio is not known. Please improve this article by adding a reference. The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians. Jos Enrique de la Pea, With Santa Anna in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Unhurt myself, I sprang up and, concealed by the thick smoke, fled along the hedge in the direction of the river, the noise of the water for my guide. The Texians repulsed Mexican attacks for several days. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war." WILLIAM COKNEK. This may have been correct. [13] Albert Clinton Horton and his company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannin's company. Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith, (Austin, TX: H.P.N. They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. Goliad. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . From the viewpoint of the Mexican Army, Santa Annas command was justified by a law of December 30, 1835, stipulating that any foreigners caught in the act of taking up arms against Mexico were to be considered pirates and summarily executed. That afternoon, Urrea's troops surrounded the Texians on an open prairie. he was the commander of the troops at the battle of Goliad. He made three requests: that his personal possessions be sent to his family, to be shot in the heart and not the face, and to be given a Christian burial. Those not killed were pursued and slaughtered by gunfire, bayonet, or lance. King's company, the others "one by one" (see REFUGIO, BATTLE OF). Texas lost many volunteers during its hard-won fight for independence from Mexico, but one harrowing episode stands out. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. Their charred remains were left in the open, unburied, and exposed to vultures and coyotes. Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Goliad Massacre, Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed June 10, 2013. He was born in Richmond, Virginia, on March 20, 1790, the son of Richard Shackelford, and was educated as a physician and surgeon. This galvanized Texians and led to victory in their war for independence. News of the Goliad Massacre spread outrage, resentment, and fear among the population of the fledgling Republic of Texas and abroad. [13][18], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Portilla had between 425 and 445 Texians marched from Fort Defiance in three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point blank. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. After capturing one of Fannin's messengers, who was carrying dispatches that told of the commander's plan to wait at Goliad and retreat after King and Ward returned, Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners who he decided were mercenaries. The remains were interred at a location southeast of the Presidio la Bahia. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna et al., The Mexican Side of the Texan Revolution, trans. And without a moment's hesitation, I plunged into the water. The third group, on the San Patricio road, was farther from cover; only four men from it are known to have escaped. But Portilla's volleys at Goliad, together with the fall of the Alamo, branded both Santa Anna and the Mexican people with a reputation for cruelty and aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution. [2] J. Frank Dobie, John C. Duval: First Texas Man of Letters, Southwest Review Vol. He assured Fannin that there was no known instance where a prisoner of war who had trusted to the clemency of the Mexican government had lost his life, that he would recommend to General Santa Anna acceptance of the terms proposed by Fannin's men, and that he was confident of obtaining Santa Anna's approval within a period of eight days. Thirty nine were killed inside the fort, under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one. Under a decree passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30 of the previous year, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. He asked for his personal possessions to be sent to his family, to be shot in his heart and not his face, and that he be given a Christian burial. Surrounded on all sides and heavily outnumbered, Colonel Fannin surrendered, and terms of the capitulation were agreed upon near Coleto Creek. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad. 147148 gives the number of men killed with Grant as 11. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. Thirty-nine were killed inside the fort under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one, . King on a mission to Refugio on March 11, to remove several noncombatant families out of the path of Urrea's army. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. Meanwhile, Mexican forces under General Jos de Urrea were quickly reaching Goliad, and they defeated three Texan forces at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, the Battle of Agua Dulce on March 2, and the Battle of Refugio on March 12.[10]. The THC has been the state agency for historic preservation for more than 60 years. The massacre is commemorated in Walt Whitman's poem Song of Myself, section 34. Please improve this article by adding a reference. Her early obsessions included Vikings, the Tudors and the Statue of Liberty. [citation needed] After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. Urrea wrote to Santa Anna to ask for clemency for the Texians. Coordinates: 283851N 972259W / 28.6476N 97.3830W / 28.6476; -97.3830. This article does not contain any citations or references. Although this was really an attempt by Urrea to commandeer the ship, the vessel had already departed. This volume is the most complete resource of reliable firsthand accounts of massacre survivors. [3] John C. Duval, Early Times in Texas, or, the Adventures of Jack Dobell, ed. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, most were chased off and escaped, but 18 were captured and marched back to Goliad. When the Goliad prisoners were taken, Texas had no other army in the field (see REVOLUTIONARY ARMY), and the newly constituted ad interim government seemed incapable of forming one. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." Within his journal, John recounts adventures involving fellow Goliad survivors, a Mexican lion, Indians, rattlesnakes, and much more before he was able to reach civilization around May 4, 1836.[8]. Urrea, meanwhile, heard of their presence and marched a flying column of 300 Mexican troops to Refugio, hoping to overtake the Texians. King evacuate colonists at Refugio, were surrounded by Urrea's force. The name of Goliad was etched in Texas' collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad Massacre. Handbook of Texas Online, Fighting was halted that day at dark. Fannin sent Captain Amon B. [9] He appears in the Muster Roll of the Republic of Texas as a Private serving under Fannin, and mention of his escape from the massacre appears in the Remarks column. [1] Meanwhile, General Sam Houston had persuaded all but 70 to 100 men and their leaders, Frank W. Johnson and James Grant, to give up on the expedition and to defend locations in Texas, principally Goliad. Two hours later Portilla received another order, this one from Urrea, "to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin," and to employ them in rebuilding the town. In 1930 some Goliad Boy Scouts found charred bone fragments that had been unearthed over the years by animals, and an excursion to the site by Goliad residents on New Year's Day, 1932, succeeded in attracting an investigation of the site by University of Texas anthropologist J. E. Pearce. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. A thick cloud of smoke was wreathing toward the San Antonio River. Lightboxes. Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla under orders of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Abel Morgan, An Account of the Battle of Goliad and Fanning's Massacre (Paducah, Kentucky?, 1847?). Fannin may have hoped, and even expected, that his men would be treated as prisoners of war and given clemency. His diary, edited by Hobart Huson, was published in 1949 and is considered one of the best sources of information for the period. Hobart Huson, Refugio: A Comprehensive History of Refugio County from Aboriginal Times to 1953 (2 vols., Woodsboro, Texas: Rooke Foundation, 1953, 1955). [13][19] Forty Texians were unable to walk. Despite the protests for clemency by General Jos de Urrea, the massacre was reluctantly carried out by Lt. [citation needed], Amon B. They then headed for Lavaca Bay, where they would end up surrounded. Ehrenberg: Goliad Survivor, Old West Explorer: A Biography by Natalie Ornish,, Herman Ehrenberg Print length 403 pages Language English Publisher Texas Heritage Pr Publication date January 1, 1997 Dimensions 6.5 x 1.25 x 9.5 inches ISBN-10 0962075515 ISBN-13 978-0962075513 See all details Books with Buzz It would be entirely consistent with British actions throughout the world in the 19th Century where adventurers operated with at least the tacit support of the British government in pursuing this scheme or that. A Mission to Refugio on March 19 did Fannin finally begin his retreat from Goliad relutantemente pelo... Collective memory, however, through a single eventthe now-disputed Goliad massacre ], the Mexican soldados into! Afternoon, Urrea 's troops surrounded the Texians Myself, section 34 bordered the United States, known as.. For twenty-eight men who feigned death and escaped, but one man were executed in order... J. 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