Why Didn't All Democrats Support Harry Truman in 1948? However, they still thought of themselves as members of the more significant Democrat movement. Create your account. Mr. Tarver was inside the tent when it collapsed and approximately $400 worth of his hot dog stand equipment was damaged. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Yeah. There, they nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond, a staunch opposer of civil rights, to. In the 1930s, a political realignment occurred largely due to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Today, Democrats routinely finger Republicans as racists, pointing to occasional neo-Nazi politicians (David Duke, a one-term Louisiana state legislator), obscure racist organizations (Patriot Front) and Confederate flag-waving MAGA types. [2] The Dixiecrats' presidential candidate, Strom Thurmond, became a Republican in 1964. He has worked in museums, libraries, archives, and historical sites for the past four years. Dixiecrats is a 10 letter word, used as a noun, and has the letters acdeiirstx (acdeirstx). $106,078 (2013) [1] Website. Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it.[9]. Contents 1 History 1.1 1866-1945 (Pre-Dixiecrat) 1.2 1945-1948 1.3 1948 1.4 1948-1980 1.5 Post 1980 2 Relationships 2.1 Friends 2.2 Frenemies 2.3 Enemies History 1866-1945 (Pre-Dixiecrat) www.RockyMountTelegram.com 1151 Falls Road Suite 2008 Rocky Mount, NC 27804 Main Phone: 252-446-5161 Customer Care Phone: 252-329-9505 flashcard set. Thus, they decided to achieve their goals another way, by fighting for states' right to segregate. FDR died in April 1945, and his vice president, Harry Truman, assumed office. The States' Rights Democratic Party (whose members are often called the Dixiecrats) was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States, active primarily in the South. He routinely voted with other segregationists in the 1950s. For instance, Strom Thurmond later joined the Republican Party. [24] In the 1960 presidential election, Republican Richard Nixon won several Southern states, and Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia received the votes of several unpledged electors from Alabama and Mississippi. The presidential candidate for the States' Rights Democratic Party, or Dixiecrat Party, was Strom Thurmond. These differences were too much to overcome as members of the general Democrat party. Laney later used McMath's pro-Truman stance against him in the 1950 gubernatorial election, but McMath won re-election handily. Strom Thurmond switched to the Republican Party that year and remained there until his death in December 2003. [6] The Dixiecrats' presidential candidate, Strom Thurmond, became a Republican in 1964. Their campaign slogan was Segregation Forever! Their platform also included states rights to freedom from governmental interference in an individual's or organization's prerogative to do business with whomever they wanted. 30 chapters | The view through the Bull's Eye. This was a very visible act by President Truman, and it drew criticism from conservative Republicans and Democrats alike. Oh, and David Duke? [17] Among those absent were Georgia Senator Richard Russell Jr., who had finished with the second-most delegates in the Democratic presidential ballot. ''Dixie'' is used commonly to refer to the South, and ''crat,'' in this case, is derived from the word ''Democrat.'' Dixiecratism, also known as Southern Democratism, is a political ideology originating in the southeast United States and former Confederate States. Dixiecrat. By 1948, however, the civil rights issue revealed the real philosophical differences between northern and southern Democrats as never before. Republicans are today's Dixiecrats. Ted Cruz [5] The Dixiecrat fallacy is an informal fallacy often invoked by modern Republican and conservative politicians and pundits as a way of framing "GOP good, Democrats bad". The move was on to remove Truman's name from the ballot in the southern United States. These delegates were protesting the adoption of Sen. Hubert Humphrey's (D-Minnesota) proposal of civil rights planks calling for racial integration and the reversal of Jim Crow laws in the party . He was elected as a Republican to the Louisiana House of Representatives. [3] Meanwhile Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated a KKK member to the Supreme Court (Hugo Black), put Japanese-Americans into detention camps and refused to welcome black Olympiansincluding the famed Jesse Owensto the White House. from IUPUI, with emphases in Digital Curation and Archives Management. As opposed to their old motto(?) What do you think it means? Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to run for an unprecedented third term as president. Dixiecrats were Democrats from the Southern states of the United States. After the 1948 election, its leaders generally returned to the Democratic Party. What is the Silent Majority? The TP fiscal conservative Republicans are our nation's only hope. It's amazing how sometimes you can figure words out just by knowing prefixes, suffixes, and root words. [1] The 30-something author documented how the Democratic Partyknown for its historic racismsplit in 1948 when Harry S. Truman (D-MO) first introduced a pro-civil rights platform into the Democratic Party. Constitution of South Carolina. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government, and supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in . In an effort to maintain their racist views but still remain Democrats, Southern Democrats broke from their party and founded the States' Rights Democratic Party, or Dixiecrat Party. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed thanks to widespread Republican support (who had proposed similar legislation in the Eisenhower administration). Its members were referred to as "Dixiecrats", a portmanteau of "Dixie", referring to the Southern United States, and "Democrat". He lives in Boise, ID. There is a famous photograph of the victorious Truman holding up a newspaper in jest. The 15th gave black Americans the right to vote. These were the post-Civil War laws passed enthusiastically by Democrats in that pesky 52-year part of the DNC's missing years. Dixiecrats promoted segregation and opposed civil rights. You have the same crewdifferent names. By Jelani Cobb. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Gov. On election day in 1948, the ThurmondWright ticket carried the previously solidly Democratic states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, receiving 1,169,021 popular votes and 39 electoral votes. It was passed by the Republican Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, who had been a Democrat before joining Lincoln's ticket in 1864. The Dixiecrats, or States' Rights Democratic Party, was set up by its members because they opposed President Truman's Executive Order 9918, which ended racial discrimination in the US armed forces. Sure enough, Truman did and under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey, a bold civil rights stance was adopted. He switched to the Republican Party and was instrumental in Ronald Reagan winning the North Carolina Republican primary in 1976. Chalk it up to an overzealous aide, but someone in Stamper's office thought that tweet was a winner. Benjamin Travis Laney, Jr.: a nominee for the States' Rights Democratic Party presidential candidacy. The Northern and Western Democratic Party in the 1930s and 1940s was more progressive politically. Homestead Act of 1862 | What Was the Purpose of the Homestead Act? It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the southern way of life beset by . The Dixiecrats were members of the States' Rights Democratic Party, which splintered from the Democratic Party in 1948. After President Harry S. Truman, a member of the Democratic Party, ordered integration of the military in 1948 and other actions to address civil rights of African Americans, many Southern conservative white politicians who objected to this course organized themselves as a breakaway faction. The actions of President Truman, especially EO 9981, were significant factors in the formation of the Dixiecrat Party. While they started as a subgroup of the southern Democratic party, they grew to later become an actual third party, the States' Rights Democratic Party. Helms and Thurmond pushed for Ronald Reagan to select a conservative running mate in 1976. The Bible Belt South in the 1970s and 1980s became less racist as de-segregation and civil rights laws were enforced. Democratic President Lyndon Baines Johnson pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which caused conservative Southern Democrats to support Senator Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election. Emergency Immigration Act Overview & Significance | What Was the Emergency Quota Act? Thats what really split the Democratic Party in 1948. These differences were too much to overcome as members of the general Democrat party. Truman won the 48 presidency in a landslide electoral college vote while the Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond mustered an inconsequential 2.4% of the popular vote.[5]. ", *There is no reference to four Democratic platforms, 1908-20, that are silent on blacks, segregation, lynching and voting rights as racial problems in the country mount. Huey Long & The New Deal Significance & History | Who was Huey Long? The reason Rosa Parks became famous is that she sat in the "whites only" front section of a bus, the "whites only" designation the direct result of Democrats. Wikipedia Founder: Strom Thurmond Founded: July 1948 Ceased operations: 1948 More answers below Sadie Hardwick Several Dixiecrats are very well known. In fact, in a platform that boasted 4,256 words only 106 (2.4%) were even devoted to civil rights (for the black or anyone else). [8], Three-time Democratic Party presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan opposed a highly controversial resolution at the 1924 Democratic National Convention condemning the Ku Klux Klan, expecting the organization would soon fold. A total of 21 Democrats in the Senate opposed the Civil Rights Act. 480 lessons This party was States' Rights Democratic Party, also known as the Dixiecrat Party. ogden reid new york 26th march 22, 1972 92nd republican democratic donald w. riegle michigan 7th february 27, 1973 93rd republican democratic john jarman oklahoma 5th january 24, 1975 94th democratic republican eugene atkinson pennsylvania 25th october 14, 1981 97th democratic republican bob stump arizona 3rd july 1982 97th democratic republican 1. The Last Dixiecrat. - Definition & Introduction, Time & Space in History: Cultural Differences & Beliefs, Overview of Historical Inventions: Impacts & Consequences, The Mongols: Definition, History & Conquest, Ancient Babylon: History, Timeline & Hanging Gardens, Ancient Egyptian Papyrus: Paintings & Scrolls, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, the belief that federal laws requiring segregation were an encroachment on freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, preservation of an individual's right to discriminate in any environment they chose, opposition to civil rights, especially desegregation, on any level, maintenance of regional identities (Southern identity). Nor is there reference to the deal with the devil that left segregation and lynching as a way of life in return for election support for three post-Civil War Democratic presidents, Grover Cleveland, Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt. Dixiecrat is a portmanteau of the words ''Dixie'' and ''Democrat.'' Welfare Capitalism Concept & Examples | What is Welfare Capitalism? Dixiecrat. Neither is there a reference to the thousands of local officials, state legislators, state governors, U.S. congressmen and U.S. senators who were elected as supporters of slavery and then segregation between 1800 and 1965. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The States' Rights Democratic Party (whose members are often called the Dixiecrats) was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States, active primarily in the South. | 1 He was challenged unsuccessfully by his vice president, John Nance Garner, and . There is no mention that these programs were created as the result of an agreement to ignore segregation and the lynching of blacks. Despite the Dixiecrats' success in several states, Truman was narrowly re-elected. ''Jim Crow'' laws is an umbrella term for all types of local laws aimed at suppressing African Americans' constitutional rights. Strom Thurmond: the presidential candidate of the States' Rights Democratic Party in the Election of 1948. He towed the party linefor nearly 57 years! In fact, most of these racist libertarians returned to the Democratic Party after 1948 and became a significant voting block against civil rights and desegregation throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. This party was based on the belief that states' rights were more important than the preferences or demands of the federal government. Consequently, the 1948 Truman-Democratic platform reflected more centralized and socialist government, thus angering and distancing Southern libertarians. [22] Former Dixiecrats received some backlash at the 1952 Democratic National Convention, but all Southern delegations were seated after agreeing to a party loyalty pledge. The left is quite annoyed that myself and others dare link the racist, segregationist past in this country to Democrats, at that flies in the face of everything they claim to champion, when it comes to civil rights, racial tolerance, etc. They did not win the election, and the States' Rights Democratic Party dissolved after that, but the name Dixiecrats continued. If you remember, it was the Republican Party that opposed slavery. And it still is, for those who really listen close. Southern Democrat senators and other senators had threatened to filibuster similar bills out of existence. It is the Distinguished Company at the Bijou Planks! Yes, Democrats of old were racists. *AFP hired Clint Tarver, a black hot dog vendor, to provide food for their participants inside their tent set up outside of the state capitol building. HmmSo, I take it you believe the myth/lie that the Democrats that were racist to the core.the Dixiecrats..all became today's GOP? Dixiecrat. Had to tread carefully because Dixiecrats would oppose reforms. [2] Even more surprisingly was how the party of slavery, segregation, Ku Klux Klan and Confederate secession was quick to pat itself on the back in 1948. Thats because Robert Byrd proved a quintessential post-WW2 Democrat. [17] In implementing their strategy, the States' Rights Democrats faced a complicated set of state election laws, with different states having different processes for choosing presidential electors. The MYTH or LIB lie(?) Corrections? Again DEL (pardon the repetition), you are placing too much emphasis on "(R)" and "(D)". Listed as a series, the congressional impasses, conflicts, and imbroglios of the past five years resemble plot points for a dark . Thats what made America greatand will make America great again. The 13th banned slavery. Dixiecrats is a word that refers to members of the Dixiecrat Party, or the States' Rights Democratic Party, which was created to represent the interest of Southern Democrats in the 1948 election. The Dixiecrats ran Strom Thurmond as their candidate for president in 1948 against Harry Truman (Democrat) and Tom Dewey (Republican). The Left breathlessly claims that these and other prominent racist Dixiecrats became Republicans, but with the notable exception of the late Senator Strom Thurmond (R., S.C.), they all died as . Attended by hundreds of cheering convention delegates, the rally featured burning crosses and calls for violence against African-Americans and Catholics. Dixiecrats formed their Democratic party because they wished to fight for Democrat ideals while retaining their Southern identity. The night before election day, the Chicago Tribune even printed its election day newspaper with the infamous headline ''Dewey Defeats Truman.'' The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman, Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish a Police Nation in the United States of America. Once in national office, at least until 1967 (when being a segregationist went out of fashion), he retained his racist roots. Thanks. (This referred to the Southern Democratic Party's control of presidential elections in the South and most seats in Congress, partly through decades of disfranchisement of blacks entrenched by Southern state legislatures between 1890 and 1908. Except comparing tea party and Dixiecrats is like comparing apples to cinderblocks. However, the Civil Rights Movement was too momentous for even southern conservatives to ignore. United States presidential election of 1948, American presidential election held on Nov. 2, 1948, in which Democratic Pres. It hasn't occurred to him that it was the South that was intolerant, and now they largely vote Republican. Noun 1. Nor is there reference to University of North Carolina historian Allen Trelease's description of the Klan as the "terrorist arm of the Democratic Party.". Thurmond eventually left the Democratic Party and joined the Republican Party in 1964, charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having repudiated the U.S. Constitution; he subsequently worked on the presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. *There is no reference to the number of Democratic presidents who owned slaves. The Dixiecrats were Southern Democrats who left the Democrat Party in 1948 after the Democratic Party decided to include civil rights initiatives in their platform officially. The Dixiecrat Myth. [23], Regardless of the power struggle within the Democratic Party concerning segregation policy, the South remained a strongly Democratic voting bloc for local, state, and federal Congressional elections, but increasingly not in presidential elections. We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. For the post-Reconstruction southern Democratic Party, see, States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats), "Manipulating elections is a conservative tradition", "8 things you didn't know about the Confederate flag", "The Complicated Political History Of The Confederate Flag", "African American Service Men and Women in World War II", "Reaching Too Far Back to Ladle Byrd's Grease", "No, the Ku Klux Klan Has Never, Ever Been a 'Leftist' Organization", "Platform of the States Rights Democratic Party, August 14, 1948", "Democrats Vote Today; Southerners Seated; Truman Puts His Support Behind Stevenson", 1956 Presidential General Election Results, "Thurmond Break is Made Official; He Will Work as Republican for Goldwater Election", Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets, List of third party performances in United States presidential elections, History of conservatism in the United States, List of political parties in the United States, State and local political parties (without national body), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixiecrat&oldid=1133253382, Defunct political parties in the United States, Factions in the Democratic Party (United States), Political terminology of the United States, Political repression in the United States, 1948 disestablishments in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Buchanan, Scott. They had several foundational, underlying points in their platform: These priorities were created from a series of attempts to devise civil rights legislation, including President Harry Truman created the Committee on Civil Rights in 1946. We could start out with Strom. The States' Rights Democratic Party is another term for the Dixiecrats. )[7], Since the beginning of Reconstruction, Southern white voters supported the Democratic Party by overwhelming margins in both local and national elections, (the few exceptions include minor pockets of Republican electoral strength in Appalachia, East Tennessee in particular, Gillespie and Kendall Counties of central Texas) forming what was known as the "Solid South". They also felt that the northern Democrats were attempting to stifle their Southern identity. The move of Southern states from solidly Democrat to solidly Republican began to take place. Harry Truman was allegedly an inactive participant in the Missouri KKK, and biographers often noted his latent racism against blacks, Jews, Chinese and Japanese throughout his life. Carry on with the mythlie.what ever you have to tell yourself. The term to describe white southern Democrats opposed to civil rights legislation. In 1964 John McKeithen won the Democratic primary in Louisiana. Governors Lester Maddox and George Wallace left the Democratic Party to run as candidates of the American Independent Party. March 19, 2010. The union protesters who cut the tent down further damaged Mr. Tarvers remaining hot dog stand equipment while hurling racial epithets at him, calling him an Uncle Tom and a n*****.. The 103-ballot convention was held in Madison Square Garden. They were politicians from the South who left the Democratic Party because of a civil rights plank in the Democrats' platform. After Roosevelt died, the new president Harry S. Truman established a highly visible President's Committee on Civil Rights and issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military in 1948. They complained that they did not want to desegregate as the Democrats wanted. Then and now, it is an emotional means to a pragmatic political and economic goal: The key objective shared by Republicans and Dixiecrats is a government that's a passive referee overseeing a . Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. *There is no reference that three-fourths of the opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Bill in the U.S. House came from Democrats, or that 80% of the "nay" vote in the Senate came from Democrats. This is the sum of good government. Conservatives in the Democratic Party began to move to the increasingly conservative Republican Party. The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election (2001) excerpt and text search Pietrusza, David 1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America, New York: Union Square Press, 2011. After World War II ended in 1945, the time was ripe for the Democratic Party to put forth a substantial civil rights program. [15] In July, the convention nominated Truman to run for a full term and adopted a plank proposed by Northern liberals led by Hubert Humphrey calling for civil rights; 35 Southern delegates walked out. By the 1930s, the Democratic Party was beginning to embrace civil rights. The Wall Street Journal. This was done through a variety of means, but Jim Crow laws were one of the primary methods of preventing African Americans from experiencing true equality. Democrats love to say that all the racist Dixiecrats switched to the Republican Party, but how many do you think ACTUALLY did?Available now: https://www.din. Since Harry Truman was a Democrat, they knew they would create a separate political group to carry out their goals. It really started in 1948. The aim of the Dixiecrats was to lock up the South's 127 electoral votes, preventing either Truman or Thomas Dewey from winning a majority in the 1948 general election.It was believed that the Southern delegation in the U.S. House of Representatives carried enough influence to force the Democratic Party to drop its Civil Rights platform in order to put Truman in office. He also earned a Certificate in Museum Studies. December 23, 2002: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1040607367889016753, THE BIG SWITCH THAT WASNT: THE DIXIECRATS, RACE AND 1964, https://www.history.com/news/how-the-party-of-lincoln-won-over-the-once-democratic-south, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1948-democratic-party-platform, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19911103&slug=1314805, https://nypost.com/2003/07/31/the-best-kind-of-bigot-harry-truman-and-his-hatreds/, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/race/how-america-snubbed-jesse-owens/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1040607367889016753, Texas Is Open 100% Texas Governor Rescinds Most COVID-Related Mandates, Democrats Are Almost 3x More Likely To Hold Favorable Opinions Of China Than Republicans Gallup Poll Finds, Judicial Review is Democratic, and the People are the Final Interpreters of the Constitution, AMERICA AS A CHRISTIAN NATION: THE FOUNDING FATHERS SPEAK (PART TWO), AMERICA AS A CHRISTIAN NATION: FLIPPING THE SCRIPT ON REVISIONIST HISTORY (Part One), Defections to Freedom Part 1- The Longing for Freedom of Expression, GOD HELPS THOSE WHO HELP THEMSELVES: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND HIS RELIGION. Originally a member and leader of the Ku Klux Klan in West Virginia (an affiliation he later disavowed), Byrd refused to fight in World War 2 because it meant serving alongside blacks. 1948 Presidential election. Many of these laws prevented African Americans from voting, owning property, or using the same public facilities as white people. Let's go back to the Civil War Era. Furthermore, Thurmond didnt switch parties until 16 years after Truman forced him to create his Dixiecrat party. 7275. Let's review. Its known as The Big Switch. Thats when Southern Democrat politicians converted to Republicanism and refashioned the G.O.P. The Dixiecrats, or States' Rights Democratic Party, was set up in 1948; it was also dissolved in the same year. Harry Byrd left the Democratic Party in 1970 to become an independent. And also lol and damn you all and such. [17] The States' Rights Democrats eventually succeeded in making the ThurmondWright ticket the official Democratic ticket in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. *There is no reference to "Jim Crow" as in "Jim Crow laws," nor is there reference to the role Democrats played in creating them. It was the civil rights issue that caused the rise of the Republican Party in the South. In fact, just wearing a MAGA hat is considered racist by many individuals on the left. into a racist political party. We oppose the elimination of segregation, the repeal of miscegenation statutes, the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. He enjoyed his power and position. I also believe America needs to echo, once again, Martin Luther King, Jr.s dream and look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.. Then the people in those formerly Democratic states began electing Republicans instead. The Dixiecrats ceased to be an effective political force after the Election of 1948. They formed the States' Rights Democratic Party to preserve Democratic political ideas while also preserving segregation. This order, signed by President Harry Truman in 1948, established a ''Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services.'' Did you know notable Republicans Trent Lott, Mike Pence, William Bennett and Rick Perry were all previously Democrat? Re: Dixiecrats.how many of em turned Republicans? Hundreds of delegates were members of the Ku Klux Klan, the Klan so powerful that a plank condemning Klan violence was defeated outright. He is the oldest person to serve in Congress and was the longest-serving United States Senator until 2006. 10 Letters 6 Consonants 4 Vowels 3 Syllables Types Of Speech *There is no reference to the number of Democratic Party platforms that either supported segregation outright or were silent on the subject. The Democratic National Convention in 1948 approved a strong civil rights plank despite firm opposition from Southern delegates: *There is no reference to the fact that Democrats opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. - Definition, History, Members & Purpose, Jackie Robinson: Quotes, Biography & Facts, The Dixiecrats of 1948: Definition & Overview, The 1955 Dodge La Femme: Creation & Significance, The Cold War (1950-1973): Help and Review, Protests & Civil Disobedience (1954-1973): Help & Review, The Rise of Political Conservatism (1980-1992): Help and Review, Contemporary America (1992-2013): Help and Review, Changes in the Modern United States: Help and Review, AP U.S. History: Test-Taking Skills and Prep: Help and Review, How to Write a Good Essay on Your AP Exam: Help and Review, Developing and Writing Your AP Exam Essay: Help and Review, Critical Thinking Skills for AP US History: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test US History: Tutoring Solution, ILTS Social Science - History (246): Test Practice and Study Guide, Middle School World History: Homeschool Curriculum. 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