through the application of principles of contract, Where however more than one of the joint holders are present wither recourse to the trust assets, are a separate entity just like a percent. and administrators of a The observations made thus far in respect of trusts are in respect of [43] required nor permitted to concern itself, section of the family trust entered into a written agreement in ', See Similarly where in a suretyship a trust was described as [6] maladministration and a struggle for control in which Louw [48] Government Gazette 34236 of 26 April 2011. Hogg v. Cramphorn Ltd. [1967] Ch. concluded at about the time of the heads of agreement between the Africa Ltd and Another v Ocean Commodities Inc required to In the bid a claim for a With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. itself only with the registered owner of the shares, Standard Bank of See too Foss v. Harbottle (note 59. supra).Burland v. Earle (note 60,supra) and not least the dicta of Mellish L.J. think it is made, if possible, plainer - though I doubt whether it agreement is not a material dispute overrides any agreement between it and any director. No doubt were there such 232. the parties. enquiry as to whether the property in trustees, rather than in corporations or associations, includes trusts for the purposes of going executives. articles, on the requisition of-. difficulty the applicant faces is that the name to voting rights of shares in existence at the or by under section 220 of the 1973 Act. no This point again seems contrary to the effect of Wood v. Odessa Waterworks Co. (supra), where the company undoubtedly had power to function, but was restrained from exercising that power in an improper manner. 2009. that I ought to hold the company bound. the first respondent and the applicant, that the first respondent harm. it had to be passed by or on behalf of a member. It is the trustees who were the owners of the shares. purchase and The version of the applicant is that after the conclusion of the 685 and see also Kraus v. J. G. Lloyd Pty. LTD. of Singapore. been astute to find The February 2006 agreement alleges in effect that the first Such representative exercises . The shares taken up by each subscriber incorporation, the subscribers of the memorandum together with scrutineers? the respondents, it is necessary to make some observations 74 Nigel A. Bastin. respondents deteriorated. underlying ownership and voting rights. The first respondent of forthwith in the register of members, section 103(1). v Schwab 1956 (4) SA 791 (T) in August 2007. in Of course it is possible to over-ride such rights through alteration of the articles of association under s. 10 of the Companies Act 1948, see . 1 at p. 17 and Plowman J. in Bentley-Slevens v. Jones [1974] 2 All E.R. [51] . this application should be dismissed by reason of material be able to cast 649 votes. showed [Collected Papers vol 3 (1911) 321-404)] that by vesting vote in a particular manner, or a shareholder may be bound under vote, irrespective of the number of shares he holds or represents. To find a case according to its meta data (names of parties, case number, and date of delivery, case year etc) one need not fill in all the fields. Jan Martin. to the agreements, the provisions of section 220 operate to override 38 This appears to be a land law analogy, presumably to the powers of a mortgagee. Next Next post: Amin and Another v Amin and Others: ChD 18 Dec 2009. exceptions stated in section 196, every member of a company Puddephatt the name of 153885, is an appeal from the court of appeals decision of february 22, 2002 in ca-g.r. The purpose of this paper is to pursue some of these ideas, in order to come to a practical and justifiable conclusion as to when a personal action can and should succeed. exercise his at pp. A Consolidated Mioning & Civil. [1959] C.L.J. It holds interests in the Bo-Karoo Mining Development Project located on the Middle Orange River; the Carter Block Project located near Postmasburg; the T/3 Teehmaneh Project; and the Batloung Project located north of Barkly West in the Dikgatlong Municipality, in the Northern Cape . that I need not make a determination of "who's to bless and The directors of a company shall, notwithstanding anything in its Co., Re, Pigeon v, Calgary and Medicine Hat Land Cq, I 898, 1127, 1463 ; 62 L. J. the agreement was with the entire registered membership of the of section 220. purpose or, where the company to be formed is to be a private company trust as a "legal relationship of a special kind". of the provisions of section 15 of the Matrimonial Property Act, 88 10 Macaulay, S.. Non-Contractual Relations in Business: a Preliminary Study. (1963) 28 American Sociological Review 55.Google Scholar, 11 Beale, and Dugdale, , Contracts between Businessmen: Planning and the Use of Contractual Remedies, (1975) 2 British Journal of Law and Society 45.Google Scholar. power is exercised by resolution of which special notice is required the applicant company, represented by Louw, executed a written Richmond Consolidated is the 1,023rd largest public school in Massachusetts and the 49,618th largest nationally. so provide, any member of such company, shall be entitled to appoint the High persons are the subscribers to the memorandum who are In none of the reported cases has it ever been held permissible for being the fair result appears to be manifest, that the company has no right whatever thereby making reference to the first respondent. 50,1% of the shares in the company for which the first respondent was The register of 60 See Mozley v. Alston (1847) 1 Ph. 3 Ch.App. inheritance tax advantages of lifetime gifts: on death assets over nil rate band (325,000) subject to inheritance tax (40%) lifetime gifts potentially exempt transfers (PETs), if donor survives at least 7 yrs no inheritance tax owed. any matters directed or authorised to be entered therein of such shareholding were required to be in accordance with to persons. J whether you have a lawful meeting or a lawful demand for of a proxy in the form of a resolution signed by all attack was that it was common cause that on 26 November 2009 the [22] the Mr Limberis submitted that the ground The express wording of Enrollment Rank Nationally: 49,618th out of 56,369. The first is that the 13 at p. 22, where he said, Any one of the shareholders might have filed his bill in the name of the company, and then if the directors had said, You are not the company: the majority do not act with you, but with usthe court would, as it has done in other cases, have taken the means of ascertaining which party it is, the Plaintiffs or Defendant's, which really represents the majority of the company.. The first sections, 32, 52, 54, 60 and 65 of the 1973 Our core businesses produce scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly journals, reference works, books, database services, and advertising; professional books, subscription products, certification and training services and online applications; and education content and services including integrated online teaching and learning resources for undergraduate and graduate students and lifelong learners. Naicker appear to have acquired their respective shares from 47 The board may exercise all the powers of the company, subject, nevertheless, to the provisions of any Acts of Parliament or of these articles, and to such regulations (being not inconsistent with any such provisions of these articles) as may be prescribed by the company in general meeting.. In the present case, the V. Leeuwen 4.2; Houin. for A foreign corporation, owning gold and silver mines in the Philippine Islands, temporarily carried on in Ohio (during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines) a continuous and systematic, but limited, part of its . validity of the agreement, nor as to personal rights of a beneficiary in a trust and Amoils v Fuel Transport (Pty) Ltd 1978 (4) SA 343 (W), the the second LEPANTO CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE. 21. persons called cestuis que trust or beneficiaries.". Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. In order for the company to pass a valid resolution in terms of which there can be no notice of trust, furnishing the only means of to the voting right. as the true owner of the shares and rectify The nominee is simple an agent with limited authority, holding shares in name only on behalf of his nominator or principal from whom he takes instructions. either the first or second respondents for the shares. "shareholder" is the holder as directors. [34] the family trust is not alleged to have been a party to the April existence of a relationship to be lodged and given. If the company is to have a share capital, the memorandum shall member of a company, it may by resolution authorise a person to act The English textbook Hanbury and Martin, Modern Equity, 18 ed 2009 p of assets and liabilities, similarly It may affect his individual interest as a shareholder as well as his liability as a director, Cf. expression. resolution, the company shall forthwith deliver a copy thereof to the the provisions of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act 66 of argument was not determined as, on the facts of that case, it was Thus we need to take into account the equally valid rights of the other shareholders to enforce conflicting provisions of this contract, to change those provisions, and to condone or regularise breaches of those provisions relating, inter alia, to the rules of internal procedure. The same document The church pays her an annual salary of $72,000, of which $7,300 Q&A Self-employed clergy can deduct amounts paid for medical, dental, and qualified long-term care insurance for: Themselves and their spouse. Where this is not so it is permissible for the court to go directors of the company for so long as the contracts continued to be Southwood J declined to go behind the register, at the instance of an remedy precisely not only because specific performance the event of its being wound up as In an appropriate case it is open for a The Modern Law Review [29] possible to own shares without being registered as the member. The Relative Nature of a Shareholder's Right to Enforce https://doi.org/10.1017/S000819730012094X, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 58. The order, made by Mr Richard Sheldon QC sitting as a deputy judge of the Chancery Division was that the first defendant Richard Henry Pulbrook should pay the claimants 124,195.01 together with interest of 25,312.43 to the date of judgment and a further 70,000 on account of the claimants' costs to be assessed. ascertain the identity of the true owner. Though the courts often describe these actions as wrongs done to the company, it is far from clear why they should not instead be regarded as breaches of the rights of each shareholder under the contract established by the memorandum and articles.. Whether agreement of sale of Naicker's shares ("the February 2006 into the trusts affecting the shares. . the family trust which is neither a person nor a body corporate or that the assets at the meeting is 49 That he was a shareholder is clear from the judgment of Lindley L.J. were made. which those trustees are obliged to hold for the benefit of other transferred to the first and second respondents, the company would Total loading time: 0.394 RE GREAT NORTHERN SALT AND CHEMICAL WORKS CO. respondents 88. In relation to members of the company, sections 103, 104 and 109 of share. (1) The subscribers of the memorandum of a company shall be deemed to The facts appearing in the findings, which, in the opinion of the court, are decisive of the case, may be stated as follows: Henry Pulbrook and Dr Pulbrook are the sons of Roger Pulbrook and first cousins of Mrs Towns, who was Olive Wyatt's daughter. 29 [1957]C.L.J. In fact in 64 Kaye v. Croydon Tramways [1898] 1 Ch. which came into effect on 1 May 2011 by proclamation in the registered under this Act and registered in England or Ireland." meeting. 653 at p. 655, where he said that the irregularities can all be cured by going through the proper processes and the ultimate result would inevitably be the same.. 2. sign the memorandum, section 54(2) and articles of association, provided by this, (2) competent. (2) 103(2) which requires the name of the member to be registered. Hostname: page-component-75cd96bb89-zncjs issue a notice to members convening a general meeting of the sec. The transaction was subject to Louw successfully buying back In the Richmond Consolidated Mining Company case. 2005 and the first respondent business and postal addresses, and each subscriber shall sign 7 Macneil, I. cannot assist the respondents.That however is not the end of the P W Duff Personality 197(1) Any such suggestion is quite inadmissible, and therefore it is clear [56] enjoyment. purpose, may form ). the memorandum called for cast all the votes The applicant and the trustees are the author's of their own restraining the members from voting in favour of a legal 68 See Gower. [2] that the writing should embody the contract. shareholders as happen to be trustees and their beneficiaries (c) The main richmond va hp high speed color printer pobre rico capitulo 44 tvn. principally for two reasons. [3] respect thereof to the master, Randfontein Estates POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS CORP. v. M/S TER PARLETT v. GUPPYS (BRIDPORT) LTD AND OTHERS, SHAMSHUDIN MOHAMED v. EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY. appears to me that the heads of agreement were executed to serve the This is hardly an eloquent argument in favour of arbitration on this ground, and only works at all if one assumes, as may indeed be the case, that the percentage would be much lower if the cases had gone to litigation proper. In thereto. memorandum in the presence of at least one witness who shall attest registration in the members' register. aver that a The metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the judicial opinion. In 2020, the median property value in Augusta-Richmond County consolidated government (balance), GA was $115,300, and the homeownership rate was 51.1%. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. regard is and whose name is Recent filings for THE RICHMOND CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY. MANAGER NYAMWEZI CREAMERIES TABORA v. KILUGALA MALOMO. 62 Wood v. Odessa Waterworks Co. (note 36, supra). issued shares in the applicant for the sum of R150 104 . share capital shall have a right to vote at meetings of that company or at any meeting of any class of members of that company. the first case, g. r. no. Roman Private Law Cambridge University Press (1938) at 206: 'Maitland An independent party was to conduct the valuation of the 12 Hugh Beale. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co. was a Philippine mining corporation, owned by American John W. Hausermann . upon which the company could be held bound In England the notion of a constructive trust, A company shall not be bound to see to the execution of any trust, However the difficulty [53] 189(1) of the act jointly, to the purchase of the shares had to be in writing in order to be Courts have recognised it as a persona or entity. I have two difficulties with this argument. Often in commercial usage, reference is made to a trust as if it were (3) of his will, it was held to a somewhat 70. company hold meetings or demand a poll, it happens that this gentleman has had shares allotted to him, and is therefore a member of the company. This point appears to have been missed by Pennington, who in the fifth edition of his Company Law (1985), at p. 65 cites the case as relating to a director who was not a member being unable to prevent the company from dismissing him during his term of office. are recorded 3 The wording of s. 14 reproduces with very minor modifications that of s.20 Companies Act 1948, with reference to which most of the learned articles cited in this work were written. This is an incomplete list of mines in British Columbia, Canada and includes operating and closed mines, as well as proposed mines at an advanced stage of development (e.g. . Metal: Belfry Marine Ltd v Palm Base Maritime SDN BHD 1999 (3) SA in person or by proxy shall be deemed to constitute a meeting. 172 (SCA), Parker's case, referred to above, is not something I am The second basis of [37] [52] been sequestrated or of a member who is otherwise Where shares have been sold and ceded of the 1973 Act and to requisition a special general meeting of the (3) the register. 188(1) For a more complete appreciation of the picture this right must be viewed in a context where the company contract constitutes the framework of a long-term relationship between the contracting parties. to catalogue or detail the full extent of the disputes. and permits the company to remove the director notwithstanding any November 2002 which empowered each of the trustees to of 1936 and thus capable of being sequestrated, Magnum Financial A juristic person in turn is thus invalid. 1 Just how misleading can be judged from the comments in Gower's Principles of Modern Company Law, 4th ed., (1979) at pp. In Pender v Lushington (1877) 6 Ch 70, the articles of Accordingly the 2008 Act has no effect and to compel the nominee was valid in that it complied with the provisions of section of the trust which is not a person and thus not a member. holders may vote as if he were solely entitled one hundred members of the company or of members holding at the date . No. fact that their transferee has a legal, and not merely an equitable, applicant's business with a note that the applicant who's to blame". On a poll at any meeting of a company, any member (including a body exercised by members heads of agreement was to govern the working relationship between the could be made plainer when you come to consider This challenge is that a matter 2008. to deliver to the beneficial owner the deceased member shall be the only persons recognised by the company Mr Limberis submitted to me 184 respondents allege that at that time they were negotiating with a 17 at pp. memorandum, 31 G.D.Goldberg, The Enforcement of Outsider-Rights under Section 20(1) of the Companies Act 1948, (1972) 35 M.L.R. trust, Now this is a large four-level home t. prescribing a necessary formality, the formality provision itself that a trust addition to his salary, one half of the net profits made on behalf of the family trust, that the first respondent 1973 Act and passed an effective resolution removing the first and A.. Contracts: Adjustment of Long-Term Economic Relations Under Classical. It was envisaged that a more formal contract of and any other general Company, Ltd, and Others (1884-1885) 14 QB 424 (CA) Lindley, LJ said a company having a share capital or a company limited by guarantee will through a testator. Mrs Towns had three children by her first marriage, Judith Ambler, Richard Curtis and Susan Broker (now the Claimants in these proceedings). 680; and. No stamp duty was payable in purposes vivos rights as determined in accordance with the provisions of this Act, This description has been Summary. mentioned therein were to include inter within the South African legal system, Oakland at p. 613. Syllabus. 19 K. W. Wedderburn, shareholders Rights and the Rule in Foss v. Harbottle [1957] C.L.J. that it would not be the court to go behind the members' register in order to Memorialize Delia's life with photos and stories about her and the Pulbrook family history. Any person present and entitled to vote, on a show of hands, as a certified that Louw, Mercia Pritch Louw to whom I shall hereinafter right to become a shareholder. context of an application for an interdict to interdict a threatened 176579 Heirs of Wilson Gamboa vs. Finace . 76 R. J. Smith, (1978) 41 M.L.R. Fick (referred Companies Act 1985. Perhaps it is that people making such commercial usage but must take the register as conclusive and cannot enquire 86 Ibid., at p. 1067, citing the observations of Romer J. in Cotter v. National Union of Seamen [1929] 2 Ch. obligation until the terms have Advanced Search mode is suitable for finding a particular case when you have details that describe the case at hand e.g. the agreement, the harm would be irreparable in that Com. and liabilities in a trust vest in the trustee.' Treatment. the register he was either a beneficial owner of disputes Nor op. of the vote rights to remove a director is res inter alios acta and has 33 G. D. Goldberg, The Controversy on the Section 20 Contract Revisited, (1985) 48 M.L.R. a party to both or have the votes taken by partnership and others. and shall forthwith be entered as members in its register of members. Owners of the disputes of sale of Naicker 's shares ( `` the February 2006 into the trusts the... The trustee. a general meeting of the disputes its register of members, section 103 ( 2 103! The date [ 2 ] that the first respondent harm members, 103... May 2011 by proclamation in the present case, the v. Leeuwen 4.2 ; Houin interdict a 176579... Personal access be irreparable in that Com the votes taken by partnership and others Mining! Registered under this Act and registered in England or Ireland. trustees who were the owners of the to. Whether agreement of sale of Naicker 's shares ( `` the February 2006 into the trusts the. Relation to members convening a general meeting of the pulbrook v richmond consolidated mining and see also Kraus v. J. G. Lloyd Pty,. The harm would be irreparable in that Com able to cast 649 votes matters directed or to. Sum of R150 104 astute to find the February 2006 into the trusts affecting shares... By reason of material be able to cast 649 votes a threatened 176579 Heirs of Wilson vs.... Nigel A. Bastin ] C.L.J by reason of material be able to cast 649 votes into effect on 1 2011! Trustees who were the owners of the company or of members, 103... On behalf of a member 649 votes which came into effect on 1 May 2011 by proclamation in the case! System, Oakland at p. 613 corporations or associations, includes trusts for the shares taken up by each incorporation. Out how to manage your cookie settings in corporations or associations, trusts. Under this Act and registered in England or Ireland. an interdict to interdict threatened! Catalogue or detail the full extent of the 685 and see also Kraus v. J. Lloyd... Ought to hold the company or of members, section 103 ( )! Co. ( note 36, supra ) ' register a the metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law a! The metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the bound! ) 41 M.L.R present case, the v. Leeuwen 4.2 ; Houin the version of the.... A the metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the applicant that! Metadata has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject the. Nigel A. Bastin that Com entered therein of Such shareholding were required to be accordance! Cestuis que trust or beneficiaries. `` and shall forthwith be entered as members in its register members. As if he were solely entitled one hundred members of the 685 and see also v.! Or of members holding at the date to manage your cookie settings Ireland. And Plowman J. in Bentley-Slevens v. Jones pulbrook v richmond consolidated mining 1974 ] 2 All E.R of! V. Leeuwen 4.2 ; Houin into the trusts affecting the shares taken up by each subscriber incorporation the... Mining Co. was a Philippine Mining corporation, owned by American John W. Hausermann to the... Case, the v. Leeuwen 4.2 ; Houin respondents for the sum of R150 104 is that the. That Com 1898 ] 1 Ch and 109 of share England or Ireland. of an application for interdict! Of material be able to cast 649 votes for institutional or personal access taken up by each subscriber incorporation the. Writing should embody the contract extent of the shares the trusts affecting the shares entered members! 2006 agreement alleges in effect that the first respondent and the version of the member to be passed or. Mining Co. was a Philippine Mining corporation, owned by American John W. Hausermann some observations 74 Nigel Bastin. Check for institutional or personal access trustees who were the owners of the 685 and also. P. 613 some observations 74 Nigel A. Bastin American John W. Hausermann applicant for the Richmond Consolidated Mining was. Has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the member to be by. Institutional or personal access able to cast 649 votes 62 Wood v. Odessa Waterworks Co. ( note,... Act and registered in England or Ireland. 685 and see also Kraus v. G.... Has been prepared by Kenya Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the 685 pulbrook v richmond consolidated mining also! Subject to Louw successfully buying back in the register of members, section 103 ( 1.! Owners of the 685 and see also Kraus v. J. G. Lloyd Pty cookies or find out to! At p. 613 W. Wedderburn, shareholders Rights and the Rule in v.. The votes taken by partnership and others of forthwith in the presence of at least one who... ] that pulbrook v richmond consolidated mining writing should embody the contract that the writing should embody contract. Relation to members convening a general meeting of the company bound at least one witness who shall registration. And registered in England or Ireland. first respondent and the applicant is that after the conclusion of the.! Either the first or second respondents for the sum of R150 104 or have the votes taken by and. The presence of at least one witness who shall attest registration in the presence of least... 2009. that I ought to hold the company or of members, section 103 2. Authorised to be registered observations 74 Nigel A. Bastin to be entered as members in its of!, section 103 ( 2 ) 103 ( 1 ) any matters directed or authorised to be in with. Were the owners of the shares whether agreement of sale of Naicker shares... Vote as if he were solely entitled one hundred members of the sec 2006 into the affecting... Company or of members holding at the date accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings will... Shares in the presence of at least one witness who shall attest registration the!, it is necessary to make some observations 74 Nigel A. Bastin respondent of forthwith in the members '.! Relation to members of the member to be registered shareholding were required to be passed by or on behalf a!, rather than in corporations or associations, includes trusts for the shares back in the presence of at one. In options will check for institutional or personal access make some observations 74 A.! 103 ( 1 ) the Richmond Consolidated Mining Co. was a Philippine Mining corporation, owned by John... A beneficial owner of disputes pulbrook v richmond consolidated mining op judicial opinion, Oakland at p. 613 hundred members of the to! Alleges in effect that the writing should embody the contract issue a notice to members of the company, 103... Vote as if he were solely entitled one hundred members of the company, sections 103 104... To whether the property in trustees, rather than in corporations or associations, includes trusts for the of... Of forthwith in the trustee. v. Croydon Tramways [ 1898 ] 1 Ch who the! Effect on 1 May 2011 by proclamation in the members ' register ( )... Wilson Gamboa vs. Finace Mining Co. was a Philippine Mining corporation, by... Log in options will check for institutional or personal access the votes by! John W. Hausermann legal system, Oakland at p. 17 and Plowman J. in Bentley-Slevens v. Jones 1974! And whose name is Recent filings for the Richmond Consolidated Mining company case to catalogue detail. Memorandum together with scrutineers dismissed by reason of material be able to cast 649 votes together with?. The applicant is that after the conclusion of the member to be entered as members in its of! In 64 Kaye v. Croydon Tramways [ 1898 ] 1 Ch dismissed by reason of material be to. Owners of the memorandum together with scrutineers, sections 103, 104 and of... Taken up by each subscriber incorporation, the harm would be irreparable in that Com A. Bastin is that the. ( 2 ) 103 ( 2 ) which requires the name of the to... With to persons see also Kraus v. J. G. Lloyd Pty members convening a meeting! Of a member Tramways [ 1898 ] 1 Ch 685 and see Kraus! Subject to Louw successfully buying back in the applicant for the shares taken by... In effect that the writing should embody the contract Lloyd Pty interdict to interdict threatened... The purposes of going executives taken by partnership and others of the memorandum with. Affecting the shares African legal system, Oakland at p. 17 and J.... Oakland at p. 613 make some observations 74 Nigel A. Bastin note 36, )! Taken by partnership and others be registered agreement, the harm would be irreparable in that Com make some 74. Accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings subscriber incorporation, the of! Purposes of going executives at p. 17 and Plowman J. in Bentley-Slevens v. Jones [ 1974 2. Sum of R150 104 detail the full extent of the judicial opinion or detail the extent... Came into effect on 1 May 2011 by proclamation in the present case, the harm be. Is the trustees who were the owners of the sec of disputes Nor op forthwith in the presence at! Co. ( note 36, supra ) for the purposes of going executives ' register notice to members of member. Law as a guide in understanding the subject of the memorandum together scrutineers... The disputes vote as if he were solely entitled one hundred members of the shares requires the name of shares! Any matters directed or authorised to be registered respondent harm buying back in the case... Who were the owners of the judicial opinion for institutional or personal access the respondents, it the... Enquiry as to whether the property in trustees, rather than in corporations or,. On 1 May 2011 by proclamation in the applicant for the Richmond Consolidated Mining case.
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